Melanoma

Melanoma is a disease of the skin in which cancer cells are found in the cells that color the skin (melanocytes). Melanoma usually occurs in adults, but it may occasionally be found in children and adolescents. Melanoma can spread quickly to other parts of the body through the lymph system or through the blood.

The skin is the body's outermost covering and offers protection from heat and light, injury, and infection. It also helps regulate body temperature and stores water, fat, and vitamin D. The skin is made up of two main layers: the outer epidermis and the inner dermis. The epidermis contains three kinds of cells: flat, scaly cells on the surface called squamous cells; round cells called basal cells; and melanocytes, which give the skin its color.

Many skin cancers can be seen by the naked eye. It is recommended that all persons become familiar with the way their skin looks and that everyone perform a monthly skin self-exam.

Here are some guidelines, known as the ABCD rule, to help you identify any warning signs.

ASYMMETRY - One half of the mole doesn't match the other.

BORDER IRREGULARITY - The edges are ragged, notched or blurred.

COLOR - The pigmentation is not uniform. Shades of tan, brown and black are present. Red, white and blue may add to the mottled appearance.

DIAMETER - The diameter is greater than the size of a pencil eraser, or suddenly or continually increases in size.

According to the National Cancer Institute, doctors believe that dysplastic nevi are more likely than ordinary moles to develop into a type of skin cancer called melanoma. Because of this, moles should be checked regularly by a doctor or nurse specialist, especially if they look unusual; grow larger; or change in color, or outline; or if any changes occur.

Incidence

The American Cancer Society estimates that 62,480 cases of melanoma will be diagnosed in 2008.

Rates of melanoma rise rapidly with age. Persons with certain types of moles, those with a family history of dysplastic nevus syndrome, or who have had previous melanoma have a greater risk for developing it. Individuals who have been exposed to the sun, x-rays, or ultraviolet light for long periods of time have a greater risk. Persons who suffered from severe sunburn when they were children also have an increased risk of melanoma.

Treatment

Skin Cancer Tip Sheet